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In-Text
Citations
When
to cite reference material:
• All
direct quotations must be acknowledged. These include wording used exactly as it appears in the
resource material, not
just words found with quotation marks around them in that
material.
• Any
paraphrased fact or body of facts that is not common knowledge,
but was learned specifically from the research.
Parenthetical
citations (MLA):
• After
each direct quotation, fact, or group of facts from the same
resource, place parentheses
around the last name of the author and the page on which the
material is located.
Ex: (Steinbeck, 30). If
more than one page is involved: (Steinbeck, 30-31).
Note:
always put a period [.] after each parenthetical citation.
If your sentence ends in a period, do not
put it in -- just use the one after the second parenthesis.
Ex: “If a
seed dropped did not germinate, it was nothing” (Steinbeck,
30).
If your
sentence ends in a question mark [?] or exclamation point [!], do
put that in, but also add
the period after the parenthesis.
Ex: “Get ‘em in a car. . .
Sock it to ‘em!” (Steinbeck, 53).
• If
there is no author, use one or two important words from the
title or website, plus the page number.
Ex.
“. . . many poor farmers of the South and Great Plains
abandoned the land” (Dust Bowl, 819).
Note:
Words from titles must be in italics or
underlined (not both).
• No
endnote page is required, only a Works Cited (or Bibliography)
page.
Numerical citations:
• After
each direct quotation, fact, or group of facts from the same
resource, use superscript
numbers (small
numbers slightly above
the line of writing). Many
computer word processing programs have this style option;
if not, or if the report is handwritten, insert these by
hand in black ink.
Ex: “If
a seed dropped did not germinate, it was nothing.”1
• Number
in sequence through the whole
paper, from beginning to end.
• An
Endnote page is required.
Endnotes
This is a list of the resources used for each of the
superscript citations in the text of the paper.
Title this page Endnotes, and place it right after your
report’s last page.
• Number
in sequence from 1 to whatever is the last number in the
text of your paper.
• List
the resource used at each of those numbers.
• Double
space the list. Indent
the first line of each endnote.
• The
first time a resource is listed, use the full information,
including: author [first
name then last name],
title [italicized], in parentheses: (city of publication,
publisher, publishing date), and the page number of the
information being cited.
Ex: 1.
John Steinbeck, The
Grapes of Wrath (New
York, Bantam Books, Inc.,
1968) 30.
• If
there is no author, either for a printed resource or on a web
site, use one or two main words in the title, italicized.
Ex: 2.
The Dust Bowl Years (Lexington, D.C. Heath and Company, 1996) 819.
[Note the punctuation between the parts, in the
examples.]
• Every
time the same resource is used again, even if the material is from a
different page, list it in an abbreviated form, with only the
author’s last name and the page.
Ex: 3.
Dust Bowl, 820.
Ex: 4.
Steinbeck, 54.
WORKS
CITED (BIBLIOGRAPHY)
As the name implies, this list will contain all the works
actually cited in the text of the paper. There must
be a Works Cited page
for every research paper, whether there is an Endnotes
page or not. It
will be the very last
page.
• Do
not number the entries.
Double space the list.
• Start
the first line of each entry at the margin.
Indent 2nd & 3rd lines.
• List
authors’ last names first, and alphabetize by those last
names. If there is
no author, alphabetize by an important word in the title (not
”a”, “an”, “the”, etc.).
• No
page numbers.
• Each
resource will be listed only once, and include the full
information required: Author’s last name, author’s
first name. Title.
city of publication:
publisher, date of publication.
[Note regarding
titles: for a newspaper, magazine, or a reference book that
has chapter titles, the title of the magazine or volume itself
is italicized ; the
title of the article (or chapter) is listed in quotation marks.]
Example of a short Works Cited page using all of the
above:
“Dust Bowl”. Funk
& Wagnalls New Encyclopedia . 1983.
The Dust Bowl Years
. Lexington: D.C.
Heath and Company, 1996.
“John Steinbeck
1902-1968”. The United
States in Literature. Glenview:
Scott, Foresman
& Co., 1989
Steinbeck, John. The
Grapes of Wrath. New York:
Bantam Books, Inc., 1968.
[Note the
alphabetical order and the punctuation between the parts, in the
examples.]
Electronic
Resources
Computer resources are ever-changing, so formatting
information can be confusing and
become quickly outdated.
Two basic research tools are the most often used: CD ROMS
and online web sites. Basically,
entries in the Works Cited pages (and Endnotes, if used) should
make it clear to a reader what each particular work is.
Each entry should include the following items;
• Name of author (if given)
• Title
of the article or document (in quotation marks)
• Title
of the journal, newsletter or conference (in italics)
• Volume
number, issue number or other identifying number, if given.
• Year
or date of original publication
• Publication
medium (Online, CD ROM)
• Date
of (your) access
• Web
address
Ex: (with an author)
Sudo, Phil.
“The State of the Earth.” Scholastic
Update Mar. 21,
1997. Infotrak SearchBank: General Reference Center Gold.
Westlake High School Lib., March, 1998. http://www.searchbank.com.
Ex: (without
an author)
“Toni Morrison.”
Galenet: Discovering Authors. Mar.
1998. Gale
Research.
Mar. 7, 1998. http://www.galenet.gale.com.
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